One of the “Big Ones”: The Reform of Rural Self-government in Russia as a Pan-Empire Project (1861-1900s)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2022.22Keywords:
the Russian Empire, the institute of rural self-government, the Great Reform of the 1861-1900s, the peasant revolution of the beginning of the 20th centuryAbstract
Given the need to prove the artificiality of the "historical heritage of Russia", the bloody basis of which was revealed during the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the processes of empire building in the Russian Empire, in particular, the reforms of rural self-government in the period 1861-1900s, are analyzed. Study methods became, in addition to general scientific, special-historical (historical-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-typological, etc.). This contributed to the understanding of the subject of study in the organic interrelationship of the general and the private, taking into account their real context, to the clarification of the typology of rural reforms and peasant performances of the beginning of the 20th century. It is summarized that as a result of the reformation, the institute of rural self-government was established in all regions and the corresponding Great Reform 1861-1900s was implemented. Designed to modernize the country, it was controversial and unfinished, like other Great Reforms. Traditionality was preserved in the imperial village. The self-governing practices of the Russian peace (Great Russian communes) with their collective responsibility of communities for each member in paying taxes and fulfilling natural duties have spread to all regions. In view of the vast expanses of the country, the lack of necessary resources, the ethnic and socio-cultural diversity of the rural population, the underdeveloped ideological base of reformism, the authorities failed to implement the necessary infrastructure support for this reform. At the beginning of the 20th century, not having sufficient powers to manage local resources, while implementing the task of empire-building, the state rudely interfered in the self-governing activities of communities, which exacerbated the economic crisis and significantly worsened the condition of the peasants. Since self-government contributed to their self-organization, the village opposed the empire with practically a united front, revolutionizsng it. This, among other things, was caused by the controversial implementation of the Great Reform of 1861–1900.
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